{"id":14554,"date":"2022-12-21T09:57:10","date_gmt":"2022-12-21T08:57:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lactalisingredients.com\/?post_type=blog-post&p=14554"},"modified":"2022-12-21T09:57:10","modified_gmt":"2022-12-21T08:57:10","slug":"lactose-et-modulation-du-microbiote-intestinal","status":"publish","type":"blog-post","link":"https:\/\/www.lactalisingredients.com\/fr\/news\/blog\/lactose-et-modulation-du-microbiote-intestinal\/","title":{"rendered":"Lactose et modulation du microbiote intestinal"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le lactose est un constituant embl\u00e9matique du lait de Mammif\u00e8res, y compris dans le lait humain. Souvent associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019intol\u00e9rance, le lactose comporte une connotation relativement n\u00e9gative en termes de sant\u00e9 humaine. Pourtant, de r\u00e9centes recherches ont permis de reconsid\u00e9rer les fonctions biologiques du lactose. En tant que glucides complexes, il pourrait ainsi jouer un r\u00f4le clef notamment dans la modulation du microbiote intestinal.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Premi\u00e8res hypoth\u00e8ses sur le lactose alimentaire<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, le lien entre lactose et sant\u00e9 humaine a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 per\u00e7u sous l\u2019angle n\u00e9gatif de l\u2019intol\u00e9rance au lactose ; ceci en lien avec l\u2019absence de lactase, et donc de capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 dig\u00e9rer le lactose, chez un certain nombre de personnes. \u00c0 partir des ann\u00e9es 1990, la d\u00e9couverte de la flore intestinale, plus tard d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e \u00ab microbiote intestinal \u00bb, marque le d\u00e9but de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les denr\u00e9es alimentaires \/ nutriments non dig\u00e9r\u00e9es par\u00a0 \u00a0l’organisme : la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9finition des pr\u00e9biotiques sera ainsi donn\u00e9e en 1995, le lactose \u00e9tant explicitement cit\u00e9 dans cette d\u00e9finition [<\/sup>2]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se selon laquelle le lactose aurait la facult\u00e9 de moduler la composition du microbiote intestinal n\u2019\u00e9mergera que plus tard, reprenant la d\u00e9finition donn\u00e9e en 1995 des pr\u00e9biotiques. Par deux fois, le chercheur canadien Andrew Szilagyi sugg\u00e8rera de \u00ab r\u00e9-\u00e9valuer \u00bb les effets du lactose alimentaire, compte tenu des r\u00e9centes d\u00e9couvertes sur le microbiote intestinal [6<\/a>,<\/sup>7]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Modulation du microbiote intestinal par le lactose alimentaire<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Les premi\u00e8res \u00e9tudes sugg\u00e9rant une modulation du microbiote intestinal par le lactose alimentaire remontent \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990. Une premi\u00e8re exp\u00e9rience in vitro<\/em> montre que l\u2019incubation de selles humaines en pr\u00e9sence de lactose a la capacit\u00e9 de modifier la flore a\u00e9robie [<\/sup>8]<\/sup><\/a>. De mani\u00e8re concordante, une \u00e9tude clinique montrera \u00e9galement une diminution de la production de dihydrog\u00e8ne (H2<\/sub>) suite \u00e0 une suppl\u00e9mentation en lactose chez des participants n\u2019\u00e9tant pas capables de dig\u00e9rer du lactose [<\/sup>5]<\/sup><\/a>: pouvant ainsi \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 par une augmentation de bifidobact\u00e9ries non productrices d\u2019H2<\/sub> suite \u00e0 la consommation du lactose [6]<\/a><\/sup>. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque cependant, les auteurs n\u2019avaient pas pu analyser la composition des microbiotes intestinaux, afin de d\u00e9tecter d\u2019\u00e9ventuels changements.<\/p>\n

Par la suite, plusieurs travaux in vitro<\/em> ont pu confirmer que le lactose \u00e9tait bien utilis\u00e9 par certaines bact\u00e9ries de l\u2019intestin notammant via . l\u2019enzyme bact\u00e9rienne phospho-\u03b2-galactosidase qui \u00a0hydrolyse le lactose en glucose et en galactose [<\/sup>9]<\/sup><\/a>. Cette activit\u00e9 est se manifeste surtout au niveau du c\u00f4lon, o\u00f9 pr\u00e8s de 81% des bact\u00e9ries de cette zone de l\u2019intestin poss\u00e8dent cette enzyme [3<\/a>,<\/sup>4]<\/sup><\/a>. De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que la fermentation d\u2019autres glucides complexes, des acides gras \u00e0 cha\u00eene courte ainsi que des gaz sont produits lors de cette hydrolyse du lactose. Ces acides gras \u00e0 cha\u00eene serviraient de source d\u2019\u00e9nergie aux cellules intestinales, et leur production serait associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices physiologiques.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude de Francavilla et collaborateurs montre sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 que le lactose alimentaire modifie la composition du microbiote intestinal<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

L\u2019am\u00e9lioration des moyens de s\u00e9quen\u00e7age permettra de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9tudes plus pr\u00e9cises, et de r\u00e9v\u00e9ler la capacit\u00e9 du lactose \u00e0 modifier la composition du microbiote intestinal. \u00c0 ce jour, seule l\u2019\u00e9tude de Francavilla et collaborateurs montre sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 que le lactose alimentaire modifie la composition du microbiote intestinal [1]<\/a><\/sup>. Pendant 2 mois, des nourrissons sujets \u00e0 l\u2019allergie au lait de vache ont consomm\u00e9 successivement des formules infantiles d\u00e9pourvues de lactose, puis les m\u00eames formules mais comportant cette fois du lactose. Suite \u00e0 la consommation des formules infantiles comportant du lactose, les nourrissons ont vu une augmentation de la quantit\u00e9 de bifidobact\u00e9ries, avec en parall\u00e8le une augmentation d\u2019acides gras \u00e0 cha\u00eene courte [<\/sup>1]<\/sup><\/a>. Les auteurs insistent sur le fait que chez les nourrissons, le lactose n\u2019est pas dig\u00e9r\u00e9 en totalit\u00e9 dans l\u2019intestin gr\u00eale\u00a0; une partie peut donc atteindre le gros intestin pour exercer un potentiel effet pr\u00e9biotique.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Plusieurs \u00e9tudes, in vitro<\/em> et cliniques, montrent que le lactose aurait ainsi la capacit\u00e9 de moduler la composition du microbiote intestinal. Malheureusement \u00e0 ce jour et comparativement \u00e0 d\u2019autres pr\u00e9biotiques, le lactose ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie pas du m\u00eame int\u00e9r\u00eat en recherche.<\/p>\n

Pourtant les r\u00e9sultats disponibles jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent soulignent que le lactose poss\u00e8derait des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s int\u00e9ressantes, notamment sur la composition du microbiote intestinal. D\u2019autres travaux de d\u2019approfondissement seront \u00e0 venir pour r\u00e9ellement d\u00e9finir les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s pr\u00e9biotiques du lactose. On notera \u00e9galement tous les travaux concernant les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s du lactose (HMO, Lactulose…)<\/p>\n

Le lactose a encore de nombreux secrets \u00e0 nous d\u00e9voiler.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sources :<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Francavilla, R., Calasso, M., Calace, L., Siragusa, S., Ndagijimana, M., Vernocchi, P., … & De Angelis, M. (2012). Effect of lactose on gut microbiota and metabolome of infants with cow\u2019s milk allergy. Pediatric allergy and immunology<\/em>, 23<\/em>(5), 420-427.<\/span>
\n[2] Gibson, G. R., & Roberfroid, M. B. (1995). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. The Journal of nutrition<\/em>, 125<\/em>(6), 1401-1412.<\/span>
\n[3] He, T., Priebe, M. G., Vonk, R. J., & Welling, G. W. (2005). Identification of bacteria with \u03b2-galactosidase activity in faeces from lactase non-persistent subjects. FEMS microbiology ecology<\/em>, 54<\/em>(3), 463-469.<\/span>
\n[4] He, T., Venema, K., Priebe, M. G., Welling, G. W., Brummer, R. J., & Vonk, R. J. (2008). The role of colonic metabolism in lactose intolerance. European journal of clinical investigation<\/em>, 38<\/em>(8), 541-547.<\/span>
\n[5] Hertzler, S. R., & Savaiano, D. A. (1996). Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. The American journal of clinical nutrition<\/em>, 64<\/em>(2), 232-236.<\/span>
\n[6] Szilagyi, A. (2002). Lactose\u2014a potential prebiotic. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics<\/em>, 16<\/em>(9), 1591-1602.<\/span>
\n[7] Szilagyi, A. (2004). Redefining lactose as a conditional prebiotic. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology<\/em>, 18<\/em>(3), 163-167.<\/span>
\n[8] Uribe-Esquivel, M., Moran V, S., Poo, J. L., & Munoz, R. M. (1997). In vitro and in vivo lactose and lactulose effects on colonic fermentation and portal-systemic encephalopathy parameters. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology<\/em>, 32<\/em>(sup222), 49-52.<\/span>
\n[9] Venema, K. (2012). Intestinal fermentation of lactose and prebiotic lactose derivatives, including human milk oligosaccharides. International Dairy Journal<\/em>, 22<\/em>(2), 123-140.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le lactose est un constituant embl\u00e9matique du lait de Mammif\u00e8res, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":14569,"template":"","class_list":["post-14554","blog-post","type-blog-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","blog-category-expertise-fr","blog-category-sante-et-nutrition"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLactose et modulation du microbiote intestinal - Lactalis Ingredients<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le lactose est souvent associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019intol\u00e9rance. 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